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References

To access the complete list of references cited in the monthly ocular nutrition articles that appeared in Review of Optometry, click on the article icon below. You can also access the abstract of the referenced article by clicking on the corresponding link.


Zinc: A Macular Degeneration Stabilizer
  1. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group, A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8, Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Oct; 119(10):1417-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
  2. Prasad A. Discovery of human zinc deficiency and studies in an experimental human model. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:403–12 [review]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
  3. Sandstead HH. Requirements and toxicity of essential trace elements, illustrated by zinc and copper. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61(suppl):621S–24S [review]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
  4. Bush AI, Pettingell WH, Multhaup G, et al. Rapid induction of Alzheimer A8 amyloid formation by zinc. Science 1994;265:1464–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8073293?ordinalpos=129&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel
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  6. Prasad AS. Zinc in human health: an update. J Trace Elem Exp Med 1998;11:63–87. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/37468/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
  7. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group, The effect of five-year zinc supplementation on serum zinc, serum cholesterol and hematocrit in persons randomly assigned to treatment group in the age-related eye disease study: AREDS Report No. 7, J Nutr. 2002 Apr;132(4):697-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
  8. Klaver C, Eye Disease Nutrition and the Environment 2007 conference., Washington Advisory Group, June 24-5, 2007 Rancho Valencia, California.
  9. Moriarty-Craige SE, Ha KN, Sternberg P Jr, Lynn M, Bressler S et al, Effects of long-term zinc supplementation on plasma thiol metabolites and redox status in patients with age-related macular degeneration, Am J Ophthalmol, 2007 Feb;143(2):206-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157802?ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel
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Zeaxanthin: A Potentially Potent Antioxidant
  1. USDA nutrient data lab. Carotenoid database. Zeaxanthin table. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/car98/car98.html. Last accessed Aug 4th, 2008.
  2. Wrona M, Korytowski W, Rozanowska M, et al. Cooperation of antioxidants in protection against photosensitized oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35: 1319-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
  3. Wrona M, Rozanowska M, Sarna T. Zeaxanthin in combination with ascorbic acid or alpha-tocopherol protects ARPE-19 cells against photosenthesitized peroxidation of lipids. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 122: 34-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15082063?ordinalpos...
  4. Gonzalez S, Astner S, An W, et al. Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin decreases UV-induced epidermal hyperproliferation & acute inflammation in hairless mice. J of Investigative Dermatology 2003; 121: 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12880433?ordinalpos...
  5. Nishino H, Michiaki M, Tsunehiro II, et al. Carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer and metastasis reviewers 2002; 21; 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12549764
  6. Rinaldi P. Plasma antioxidants and similarly depleted in mild cognitive impairment & in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobio of Aging 2003; 24: 915-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12928050?ordinalpos=27...
  7. Delcourt C, Carriere I, Delage M, et al. Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin and other carotenoids as modifiable risk factors for AMD and cataract: The POLA Study. IOVS 2006; 47: 2329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16723441?ordinalpos=21...
  8. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Friedes LM, et al. Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina. Exp Eye Res. 1997;64:211-218. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9176055
  9. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Hime GW, Cains A, Zamor J. Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:2033-2040. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8491553
  10. Pizzimenti J, Pelino C. Zeaxanthin-The "other" macular pigment. Eye Care review 2008; Vol 2(1): 15-18.
  11. Leung IY. Macular pigment: New clinical methods of detection & the role of carotenoids in AMD. Optometry 2008; 79: 266-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436167?ordinalpos=2...
  12. Nolan JM, Stack J, O’Connell E, et al. The relationship b/t MPOD and its constituent Carotenoids in diet & serum. IOVS 2007; 48: 571-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17251452?ordinalpos=2...
  13. Beatty S, Boulton M, Henson D. Macular pigment and AMD. BJO 1999; 83:867-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381676?ordinalpos=83...
  14. Mares-Perlman JA, Fisher AI, Klein R, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum and their relation to age-related maculopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153:424-432. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11226974?ordinalpos=5...
  15. Johnson EJ, Neuringer M, Russel RM, et al. Nutritional manipulation of primate's retinas, III: effects of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on adipose tissue and retina of xanthophyll free monkey. IOVS 2005; 46: 692-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
  16. Gale CR, Hall NF, Phillips DI, Martyn CN. Lutein and zeaxanthin status and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:2461-2465. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12766044
  17. Kvansakul J, Rodriguez-Carmona M, Edgar DR, et al. Supplementation with the carotenoids lutein or zeaxanthin improves human visual performance. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2006;26:362-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16792735?ordinalpos=2...
  18. Age Related Eye Disease Study 2. Available at: www.areds2.org (Accessed Aug 4th, 2008).
The Essentials of Essential Fatty Acids
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Lutein, the Natural Protector
  1. Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, et al. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry. 2005; 75: 216-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15117055
  2. Seddon JM. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements and eye disease: age-related macular degeneration and cataract. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(suppl): 304S–7S. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/85/1/304S.pdf
  3. Yeum KJ, Taylor A, Tang G, Russell RM. Measurement of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in human lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36: 2756-61. http://www.iovs.org/cgi/reprint/36/13/2756.pdf
  4. Bartlett H, Eperjesi F. Age-related macular degeneration and nutritional supplementation: review of randomised controlled trials. Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 2003 23: 383–399. http://www.nutritionj.com/content/2/1/12
  5. Krinsky NI, Landrum JT, Bone RA. Biological mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthinin the eye. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2003. 23:171–201. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/
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  6. Dherani M, Murthy, GVS, Gupta SK, et al. Blood Levels of Vitamin C, Carotenoids and Retinol Are Inversely Associated with Cataract in a North Indian Population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:3328–3335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421094
  7. Bartlett H, Eperjesi F. A randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on visual function in healthy eyes. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 218-27. http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/yclnu/article/
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  8. Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, et al. Serum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration in a population-based case-control study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995; 113: 1518-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7487619
  9. Krinsky NI, Johnson EJ. Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2005; 26: 459-516. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16309738
  10. Moeller SM, Voland R, Tinker L, and the CAREDS Study Group. Women's Helath Initiative. Associations between age-related nuclear cataract and lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum in the Carotenoids in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an Ancillary Study of the Women's Health Initiative. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008; 126: 354-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18332316

    Suggested Reading:
A Spotlight on ALA:
  1. Bilska A, Włodek L. Pharmacol Rep. 2005 Sep-Oct;57(5):570-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16227639
  2. Brownlee M. Diabetes 2005;54:1615-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15919781
  3. Aronson D. Adv Cardiol. 2008;45:1-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18230953?ordinalpos=9
  4. Fukui H, Moraes CT. Trends Neurosci. 2008 May;31(5):251-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403030
  5. Lin J, Bierhaus A, Bugert P et al. Diabetologia. 2006 May;49(5):1089-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16520919
  6. Yi X, Maeda N. Diabetes. 2006; 55:2238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
  7. Du X, Edelstein D, Brownlee M. Diabetologia. 2008 Jul 29. (Epub ahead of print). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
  8. Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A et al. Diabetes Care. 2006 Nov;29(11):2365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17065669
  9. Tang J, Wingerchuk DM, Crum BA et al. Neurologist. 2007 May;13(3):164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17495764
  10. Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F et al. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20(3):369-373. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/20/3.toc
  11. Sola S, Mir MQ, Cheema FA, et al. Circulation. 2005;111(3):343-348. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/111/3/343
  12. Kamenova P. Hormones. 2006 Oct-Dec;5(4):251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17178700
  13. Wolin D, Jones P. J. Nutr. November 2003;133:3327-3330. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/133/11/3327
  14. Kojima M, Sun L, Hata I et al. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2007 Jan-Feb;51(1):10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295134
  15. Ou P, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Tritschler HJ. Free Radic Res. 1996 Oct;25(4):337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
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  17. Demir U, Demir T, Ilhan N. Ophthalmologica. 2005 Jan-Feb;219(1):49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15627828?ordinalpos=2
  18. Kowluru RA, Odenbach S. Diabetes. 2004 Dec;53(12):3233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15561955
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The Antioxidant Powerhouse: Vitamin E:
  1. NIH Facts sheet. http://ods.od.nih.gov/FACTSHEETS/VITAMINE.ASP. Last accessed 2 September 2008.
  2. Traber, M.G.Vitamin E: Too much or not enough? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;73:997-998 http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/997
  3. Halliwell B. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lancet. 1994;344:721-724 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7915779?dopt=Abstract
  4. West AL, Oren GA, Moroi SE. Evidence for the use of nutritional supplements and herbal medicines in common eye diseases. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;141:157–6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16386992
  5. Varma SD, Beachy MA, Richards RD. Photoperoxidation of lens lipids: prevention by vitamin E. Photochem Photobiol 1982; 36:623 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7156212
  6. IM Lee, NR Cook, JM Gaziano et al. Vitamin E in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: The Women's Health Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 56 – 65. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/1/56
  7. Vetrugno M, Maino A, Cardia G, et al. A randomised, double masked, clinical trial of high dose vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation after photorefractive keratectomy. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:537-539. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1723960
  8. Varma SD, Devamanoharan PS, Ali AH. Oxygen radicals in the pathogenesis of cataracts—possibilities for therapeutic intervention. In: Taylor A, ed. Nutritional and Environmental Influences on the Eye. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999: 5–24. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1047279703000589
  9. McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, Sinclair MI, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:75-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14711717
  10. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ 1992;305:335–339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1392884
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  15. Vivekananthan DP, Penn MS, Sapp SK, Hsu A, Topol EJ. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Lancet. 2003;361:2017-2023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12814711
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Vitamin C: Part of the Antioxidant Network:
  1. Chiu CJ, Taylor A. Nutritional antioxidants and age related cataract and maculopathy. Exp Eye Res, July 2006. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879819
  2. Thomas LE. Stop America’s #1 Killer. Available at www.vitamincfoundation.org. Livon Books (www.LivOnBooks.com) Henderson NV. ISBN 0-9779520-0-2.
  3. Evans J. Antioxidant supplements to prevent or slow down the progression of AMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye, 22(6):751-60, 2008 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425071

The B Family: Pivotal Players in Ocular Health:
  1. HW Griffith, Complete Guide To Vitamins, Minerals & Supplements, Fisher Books, Tuscon, AZ , 510 p, 1988.
  2. William G. Christen; Robert J. Glynn; Emily Y. Chew; Christine M. Albert; JoAnn E. Manson. Folic Acid, Pyridoxine, and Cyanocobalamin Combination Treatment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Women: The Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2009; 169 (4): 335 DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.574
  3. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Feb;143(2):344-6. Epub 2006 Sep 29. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17258528
  4. HW Griffith, Complete Guide To Vitamins, Minerals & Supplements, Fisher Books, Tuscon, AZ , 510 p, 1988.
  5. B Sardi, Basic Health User’s Guide to Eye Health Vitamins, Jack Challem, Editor, North Bergen, NJ, 92 pp, 2003.
Vitamin A article:
  1. HW Griffith, Complete Guide To Vitamins, Minerals & Supplements, Fisher Books, Tuscon, AZ , 510 p, 1988.
  2. Ophthalmology 2000;107:450-6.

    Link to Abstract:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10711880?ordinalpos=&itool=EntrezSystem
    2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.SmartSearch&log$=citationsensor
  3. B Sardi, Basic Health User’s Guide to Eye Health Vitamins, Jack Challem, Editor, North Bergen, NJ, 92 pp, 2003.
  4. EL Berson B Rosner, MA Sandberg, KC Hayes et al, A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa, Arch Ophthalmol. 1993 Jun;111(6):761-72.

    Link to Abstract:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView
    &TermToSearch=8512476&ordinalpos=99&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.
    Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
  5. JD Ribaya-Mercado, JB Blumberg, Vitamin A: is it a risk factor for osteoporosis and bone fracture? Nutr Rev; 65(10):425-38. Review, 2007.

    Link to Abstract:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17972437
  6. National Cancer Institute Website, Clinical Trial Results

    Link to website:
    http://www.cancer.gov
  7. AREDS II Web Site:

    Link to website:
    http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/viewstudy
  8. Evans Jr, Henshaw K, Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD000253.

    Link to Abstract:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18253971
AREDS article:
  1. AREDS Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss. AREDS Report No. 8. Arch Opthalmol. 2001;119:1417-1436.

    Link to abstract:
    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11594942
  2. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1029-1035.

    Link to abstract:
    http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/330/15/1029
  3. Miller ER et al. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:37-46.

    Link to abstact:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15537682
  4. National Eye Institute Press Release December 14, 2004. Review Supports Vitamin E Dosage in AREDS.

    Link to press release:
    http://www.nei.nih.gov/news/statements/vitamine.asp
  5. Charkoudian LD et al. Vitamin usage patterns in the prevention of advanced age-related macular degeneration. Opthalmol. 2008;115:1032-1038.

    Link to abstract:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096234
  6. SanGiovanni JP et al. The relationship of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with incident age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no 23. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1274-1279.

    Link to abstract:
    http://archopht.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/126/9/1274
  7. AREDS Study Research Group. The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A, E, and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS report no. 22.

    Link to abstract:
    http://archopht.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/125/9/1225?ck=nck
Welcome to Nutrition A-Z article:
  1. Richer S. Is there a Prevention and Treatment Strategy for Macular Degeneration? J Am Optom Assoc. 1993 Dec;64(12):838-50

    Link to abstract:
    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8308188
  2. O'Keefe J. Nutrition 101: physicians can no longer ignore the healing power of diet and nutritional supplements, Expert Rev Cardoiovasc Ther, 6(5), 2008.

    Link to abstract:
    http://www.expert-reviews.com/doi/pdf/10.1586/14779072.6.5.593
  3. Parisi V, Tedeschi M, Gallinaro G,et al; CARMIS Study Group. Carotenoids and antioxidants in age-related maculopathy italian study: multifocal electroretinogram modifications after 1 year. Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb;115(2):324-333.e2. Epub 2007 Aug 22.

    Link to abstact:
    http://www.ophsource.org/periodicals/ophtha/article/S0161-6420(07)00581-7/abstract
  4. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation with Vitamins C and E, Beta Carotene, and Zinc for Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Vision Loss. Report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol/Vol. 119, Oct 2001. 417-1436.

    Link to press release:
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11594942